ABSTRACT
This study analyzes the relationship between clean and dirty energy sources and energy metals during the COVID-19 pandemic. We document a sharp increase in connectedness after the COVID-19 pandemic, that is asymmetric at the lower and upper quantiles, with stronger dependence among the variables at the upper quantiles. Among the energy metals, cobalt is the least connected to the energy markets. Finally, our empirical results show a switch in the net connectedness indexes of energy metals and clean energy after January 2021. Our results have implication for investors and policy makers for energy and metal under various market conditions.
ABSTRACT
Blockchain can support the food supply chain in several aspects. Particularly, food traceability and trading across pre-existing contracts can make the supply chain fast, error-free, and support in detecting potential fraud. A proper algorithm, keeping in mind specific geographic, demographic, and additional essential parameters, would let the automated market maker (AMM) supply ample liquidity to pre-determined orders. AMMs are usually run by a set of sequential algorithms called a 'smart contract' (SM). Appropriate use of SM reduces food waste, contamination, extra or no delivery in due course, and, possibly most significantly, increases traceability. However, SM has definite vulnerabilities, making it less adaptable at times. We are investigating whether they are genuinely vulnerable during stressful periods or not. We considered seven SM platforms, namely, Fabric, Ethereum (ETH), Waves, NEM (XEM), Tezos (XTZ), Algorand (ALGO), and Stellar (XLM), as the proxies for food supply-chain-based smart contracts from 29 August 2021 to 5 October 2022. This period coincides with three stressed events: Delta (Covid II), Omicron (Covid III), and the Russian invasion of Ukraine. We found strong traces of risk transmission, comovement, and interdependence of SM return among the diversified SMs;however, the SMs focused on the food supply chain ended up as net receivers of shocks at both of the extreme tails. All these SMs share a stronger connection in both positive shocks (bullish) and negative shocks (bearish).
ABSTRACT
Incentivizing businesses to lower carbon emissions and trade back excess carbon allowances paved the way for rapid growth in carbon credit ETFs. The use of carbon allowances as a hedging alternative fueled this rally further, causing a shift to speculation and forming repetitive bubbles. Speculative bubbles are born from euphoria, yet, they are relatively predictable, provided their pattern matches the log periodic power law (LPPL) with specific stylized facts. A 'Minsky moment';identifies a clear speculative bubble as a signal of financial system instability, while a 'Social bubble';is regarded as relatively positive, increasing in the long run, infrastructure spending and development. The aim of this paper is to investigate whether various carbon credit bubbles during the pandemic period caused financial instability or had a positive impact ('Minsky';or 'Social';). Particularly, we investigate the carbon credit bubble behavior in the ETF prices of KRBN, GRN (Global Carbon Credit tracking ETFs), and the SOLCARBT index during the COVID-19 pandemic period by adopting the log-periodic power law model (LPPL) methodology, which has been widely used, over the past decade, for detecting bubbles and crashes in various markets. In conclusion, these bubbles are social and propelled by the newfound interest in carbon credit trading, for obvious reasons.
ABSTRACT
In this study we examine the relationship between corporate green bonds and commodities (both perishable & non-perishable) that attracts very little attention in relative literature. For the first time, we investigate a long-term relationship between green bonds and commodities including a significantly higher number of commodities and observations. Furthermore, we adopt a novel methodology, the VaR (value at risk) based copulas, to describe the asymmetric risk spillover between green bonds and commodities by considering the asymmetric tail distribution. Our results reveal an insignificant risk spillover effect from commodity market uncertainty. Further, we found non-perishable commodities are transmitting risk to perishable commodities (barring lead). In addition, in contrast to other similar studies the risk spillover is comparatively higher regarding lead, gold, and agriculture commodities as against copper and silver. On the other hand, energy commodities have the least spillover effect. Finally, these results have several important implications for investors as well as for policymakers.
ABSTRACT
Tweets seem to impact diverse assets, especially during stressful periods. However, their interrelations during stressful events may change. Cryptos are apparently more sensitive to the sentiment spread by tweets. Therefore, a construct could be formed to study such complex interrelation during stressful events. This study found an interesting outcome while investigating three major asset classes (namely, Equity, Gold and Bond) alongside negative sentiment (derived from tweets of Elon Musk) and Dogecoin (an emerging asset class) from 1 June 2015 to 20 February 2022. Negative sentiment emerged as the significant risk transmitter, while Gold emerged as the significant net recipient of shocks (risk). Interestingly, Dogecoin was found to be less impacted and not impactful (not transmitting shock and receiving tiny shocks) at the same time. In fact, the interconnectedness between negative sentiment (percolated through Twitter) and Dogecoin prices was found to be rather feeble. Further, the study showed that the COVID-19 breakout and Brexit referendum in 2016 were less stressful events compared to the Greek debt crisis back in 2015.
ABSTRACT
Bubbles are usually chaotic but can be predictable, provided their formation matches the log periodic power law (LPPL) with unique stylized facts. We investigated Green Bubble behaviour in the stock prices of a selection of stocks during the COVID-19 pandemic, namely, those with the highest market capitalization from a basket of North American and European green energy or clean tech companies and the S&P Global Clean Energy Index. Moreover, the biggest Exchange Traded Fund (TAN) by market capitalization was also considered. The examined period is from 31 December 2019 to 11 October 2021, during which we detected 35 Green Bubbles. All of these followed the LPPL signature while calibrated through the 2013 reformulated LPPL model. In addition, the average drawdown emerged as four times that of the regular S&P-500 stock index (108% vs. 27%) under stressed conditions, such as the COVID-19 pandemic (stylized fact). Finally, the aftermaths of Green Bubbles, unlike regular bubbles, are not destructive, as these bubbles increase economic activity and infrastructure spending and are hence beneficial for holistic growth (described as Social Bubble Hypothesis). We document that there are benefits in adapting greener and more sustainable business models in energy production. Green and sustainable finance offers benefits and opportunities for stock exchanges, especially for energy stocks. As a result, many businesses are focusing on sustainability and adopting an eco-friendly business model, which helps the environment, helps sustainability and attracts investors.
ABSTRACT
Unlike previous studies that consider the Chicago Board of Options Exchange (CBOE) implied volatility index (VIX), we examine long memory and fractality in the universe of nine CBOE volatility indices. Using daily data from October 5, 2007, to October 5, 2020, covering calm and crisis periods, we find evidence of long memory and fractality in all indices and a change in the degree of volatility persistence, which points to inefficiency. The long memory of the SKEW index is strong before the onset of three crisis periods, but eases afterwards. The findings provide new insights that matter to investment decisions and trading strategies.
ABSTRACT
We are all homebound in a global village, owing to the novel coronavirus or Covid-19. This is indeed a special version of Ushus-Journal of Business Management. I wish safety and good health to one and all. Let almighty bless us.This issue is quite unique in terms of coverage. It covers wide variety of quantitative finance aspects.